Number Of Islands
TIME: O(M * N)
SPACE: O(M * N)
Problem Statement
Given an m x n 2D binary grid grid which represents a map of '1's (land) and '0's (water), return the number of islands. An island is surrounded by water and is formed by connecting adjacent lands horizontally or vertically.
Real Engineering Applications
In production systems, this concept directly maps to caching index layers, route lookups optimizations, compiler scope parsing validations, and multi-thread dependency schedulers.
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